On the Record: The Philosophy of Recording

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Datasets Development Manager, National Monuments Record, English Heritage. Email: Martin.Newman@english-heritage.org.uk

Subscribe to all three articles, or to the whole volume (issues 28-29).

At the Theoretical Archaeology Group (TAG) conference in Durham in December 2009 I organised a session on the philosophy of recording, and the three articles presented here originated in that discussion. The aim of the session was to consider some fundamental questions about the recording that archaeologists undertake but which are often overlooked, and think about these in a theoretical way. These questions included:

Why do we choose to record the sites, monuments and artefacts that we do? Why do we select the units of information we choose to record about them? How have the things we record and the attributes recorded changed over time? How can the adoption of a reflexive approach enable us to assess the recording choices we make and inform those that will be made in the future? What do these recording choices tell us about archaeology and wider society over time? Can something as intangible as a database record or a digital photograph be considered as an artefact and studied as material culture? How are new technologies changing recording and adding to the material available for study, which will form the historic documents of the future?

The first two of these questions are decisions that archaeologists have been making since the earliest origins of the discipline, often without a passing thought. It is not very often that we pause to analyse them at a theoretical level. As recording has developed we have been very good at categorizing, making inventories and constructing ontologies to describe the past around us, but less good about asking why we do so in the way we do.

The three articles presented here address some of the fundamental questions posed by the original session abstract. Geographically they cover the whole of Great Britain, considering the legacy of paper records in England, scheduling in Wales and the Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland.

My own contribution to the session deals with the nature of information and how this can transcend the medium on which it is represented, and be treated as an item of material culture divorced from its physical carrier. One of the areas of record concerns scheduling, and Oliver Davis looks in more detail at how this is handled in Wales. The emphasis here is on the spatial relationship of the sites and the relationship of the concept to more modern interpretations of landscape. The contribution from Jonathan Bateman and Stuart Jeffrey looks at past editions of the Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland and how metadata on papers can be generated to aid retrieval of information.

There are some interesting links to be seen between these contributions. All three demonstrate the use that can be made of old records of the historic environment and how information technology makes it possible to interrogate and disseminate the data in ways its originators could never have imagined. One aspect of this is how this interrogation enables a reflexive interpretative assessment of the data to be undertaken in order to reveal biases in the sample. This is of more than just academic interest, as it is important when planning future programmes of work. Furthermore, Davis includes a reference to the monumentality of a site which compares with the assessment from the contribution on the materiality of information. Bateman and Jeffrey also refer to the idea that language can be seen as material culture, which itself links to the consideration of the analysis of information by the ADS through natural language processing. The common thread across the articles is how the recording, whether through designation, on paper, digitally or in a journal, influences our perception of a site.

The session was organised in conjunction with the Information Management Special Interest Group of the Institute for Archaeologists (IfA IMSIG). I would like to thank my fellow contributors to this themed section, including Sarah May and Dan Hull who presented at the original TAG session but were unable to contribute here. I would also like to thank Professor Julian Richards who acted as the discussant at TAG and suggested publication in Internet Archaeology. I hope the reader will find this collection of articles interesting and thought-provoking.

Keywords: recording; monument records; technology; thesauri; historic environment; information management; Find more publications on heritage management in the British and Irish Archaeological Bibliography (BIAB)

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Record greenhouse gas levels: See for yourself

Public release date: 22-Jun-2011
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Contact: Simon Torok
Simon.Torok@csiro.au
61-392-394-645
CSIRO Australia

For the first time, greenhouse gas data are accessed easily on a new CSIRO website. The site shows the levels of greenhouse gases measured in the Southern Hemisphere atmosphere for the past 35 years.

Observed greenhouse gas concentrations ? as measured by CSIRO and the Bureau of Meteorology at Cape Grim, Tasmania ? can be easily explored by members of the public.

The data are updated monthly from analyses of air measurements at Cape Grim, which, under baseline conditions, experiences some of the cleanest air in the world and accurately reflects global changes in greenhouse gases.

"The atmospheric level of carbon dioxide, which is the most important long-lived greenhouse gas influenced by human activities, is at its highest level in more than a million years," says Dr Paul Fraser from CSIRO Marine and Atmospheric Research. "It is currently increasing at about 0.5 per cent each year."

Dr Fraser ? who has been analysing atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations for more than 35 years ? says it is important to ensure that the community at large has access to data that clearly illustrate the impact of human activities on the atmosphere.

"The measurements testify to a steady rise in carbon dioxide concentrations in the Earth's atmosphere, mainly caused by the burning of fossil fuels and deforestation," he says. "The graphs we've made available online will enable people to examine the evidence about the major driver of recent climate change. This is fundamental information in determining the global actions needed to avoid greenhouse gases rising to dangerous levels."

The website employs a dynamic interface to allow users to analyse the behaviour of the three important greenhouse gases influenced directly by human activities and natural variability: carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide. Data for the synthetic greenhouse and ozone depleting gases, such as CFCs, also are available. Water vapour, although an important greenhouse gas, is not significantly influenced directly by human activities.

The website puts the increase in greenhouse gas concentrations over recent decades in the context of longer-term variations over the past 1000 years ? determined by analysing air extracted from tiny bubbles trapped in the Antarctic ice.

Dr Fraser says carbon dioxide is currently rising at nearly 2 parts per million molar (ppm) per year.

"Together, these measurements allow us to trace the dramatic rise in carbon dioxide levels from about 280 ppm before the start of the industrial era around the year 1800, to 388 ppm in 2010. That's an increase of almost 40 per cent, largely due to human activities."

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